Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: Treatment and outcome
Authors:Judith A Smith, PharmD, Karin A Fox, MD, MEd Shannon M Clark, MD, MMS
Literature review current through: Sep 2020. | This topic last updated: Oct 21, 2020.
РЕЗЮМЕ И РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ
Предусмотрен поэтапный подход к лечению тошноты и рвоты при беременности. Цель состоит в том, чтобы уменьшить выраженность симптомов за счет изменения диеты / окружающей среды и с помощью лекарств, без увеличения при этом рисков для плода.
Женщинам следует стараться избегать триггеров из окружающей среды и продуктов питания, которые могут вызвать или усилить у них тошноту и рвоту.
Такими триггерами могут быть душное помещение, запахи (духи, химикаты, еда, дым), жара, влажность, шум, а также визуальное или физическое движение (например, мерцающий свет, вождение). Положение на спине или на левом боку, особенно после приема пищи являются дополнительным потенциально усугубляющим фактором, поскольку замедляет опорожнение желудка. Быстрая смена положения тела, переутомление, дефицит сна также могут усугубить симптомы.
Холодная твердая пища переносится лучше, чем горячая твердая пища, потому что она меньше пахнет и требуется меньше времени на приготовление.
Эффективным является чистить зубы после еды, сплевывание слюны и частое полоскание рта. Смена зубной пасты может помочь женщинам, для которых сильнодействующая зубная паста с мятой является триггером.
Не было доказано, что иглоукалывание и акупунктура значительно уменьшают тошноту и рвоту. Однако, учитывая отсутствие вреда и выраженный эффект плацебо, некоторым пациентам может быть полезно попробовать акупрессурные браслеты.
Для лечения, мы предлагаем комбинированную терапию пиридоксин-доксиламинсукцинатом для начального фармакологического лечения тошноты при беременности (степень 2B). Если этот препарат недоступен, мы предлагаем пиридоксин, добавление сукцината доксиламина, если только пиридоксин не эффективен. Рекомендуемая доза пиридоксина составляет от 10 до 25 мг перорально каждые шесть-восемь часов; максимальная доза 200 мг / день.
Первоначально мы назначаем две таблетки пролонгированного действия (каждая таблетка содержит 10 мг доксиламина и 10 мг пиридоксина) перед сном. При более сильной тошноте доза может быть увеличена до четырех таблеток в течение дня, если это необходимо (одна таблетка утром, одна таблетка во второй половине дня, две таблетки перед сном). Также доступны таблетки с пролонгированным высвобождением, содержащие 20 мг сукцината доксиламина и 20 мг пиридоксина. Рандомизированное плацебо-контролируемое исследование показало, что комбинированный препарат доксиламина сукцинат 10 мг и пиридоксин 10 мг, вводимый в дозах от двух до четырех таблеток в день, не был связан с повышенным риском каких-либо нежелательных явлений и хорошо переносился женщинами с тошнотой и рвотой во время беременности.
Комбинированные таблетки с пролонгированным высвобождением могут быть дорогостоящими. В Соединенных Штатах доксиламин доступен в некоторых безрецептурных снотворных (например, Unisom Sleep Tabs) и в виде рецептурных антигистаминных жевательных таблеток (например, Aldex AN): половина 25 мг безрецептурного препарата. Таблетку или две жевательные таблетки по 5 мг можно использовать не по назначению в качестве противорвотного средства. Кроме того, пиридоксин 25 мг, также продаваемый без рецепта, можно принимать три или четыре раза в день вместе с 12,5 мг доксиламина.
Если тошнота сопровождается рвотой, но без гиповолемии, мы предлагаем добавлять дифенгидрамин от 25 до 50 мг перорально каждые четыре-шесть часов или меклизин 25 мг перорально каждые шесть часов (степень 2C). Если симптомы не улучшаются, можно добавить антагонист дофамина (прохлорперазин, метоклопрамид) (степень 2C).
Дименгидринат, меклизин и дифенгидрамин - это антигистаминные препараты, которые наиболее широко изучались для лечения тошноты и рвоты во время беременности. Эффективность антигистаминных препаратов была проиллюстрирована анализом объединенных данных контролируемых испытаний, которые показали, что использование этих препаратов значительно снижает тошноту и рвоту, связанные с беременностью (относительный риск [ОР] 0,34, 95% ДИ 0,27–0,43).
Первичный механизм антигистаминных препаратов при лечении тошноты и рвоты во время беременности - прямое ингибирование гистаминовых рецепторов H1; вторичный механизм - косвенное воздействие на вестибулярную систему за счет уменьшения раздражения рвотного центра. Кроме того, эти агенты ингибируют мускариновый рецептор, который может опосредовать рвотный ответ. Общие побочные эффекты этого класса препаратов включают седативный эффект, сухость во рту, головокружение и запор.
Дифенгидрамин - можно давать от 25 до 50 мг перорально каждые четыре-шесть часов, если необходимо. Также возможно его внутривенное введение от 10 до 50 мг каждые четыре-шесть часов.
Меклизин. При необходимости меклизин можно вводить перорально по 25 мг каждые четыре-шесть часов.
Дименгидринат - можно давать от 25 до 50 мг перорально каждые четыре-шесть часов, при внутривенном введении необходимо 50 мг в течение 20 минут или от 50 до 100 мг ректально каждые четыре-шесть часов; общая доза не должна превышать 400 мг / сут. Если женщина недавно принимала доксиламин, общая доза дименгидрината не должна превышать 200 мг / сут.
Холодная твердая пища переносится лучше, чем горячая твердая пища, потому что она меньше пахнет и требуется меньше времени на приготовление.
Эффективным является чистить зубы после еды, сплевывание слюны и частое полоскание рта. Смена зубной пасты может помочь женщинам, для которых сильнодействующая зубная паста с мятой является триггером.
Не было доказано, что иглоукалывание и акупунктура значительно уменьшают тошноту и рвоту. Однако, учитывая отсутствие вреда и выраженный эффект плацебо, некоторым пациентам может быть полезно попробовать акупрессурные браслеты.
Для лечения, мы предлагаем комбинированную терапию пиридоксин-доксиламинсукцинатом для начального фармакологического лечения тошноты при беременности (степень 2B). Если этот препарат недоступен, мы предлагаем пиридоксин, добавление сукцината доксиламина, если только пиридоксин не эффективен. Рекомендуемая доза пиридоксина составляет от 10 до 25 мг перорально каждые шесть-восемь часов; максимальная доза 200 мг / день.
Первоначально мы назначаем две таблетки пролонгированного действия (каждая таблетка содержит 10 мг доксиламина и 10 мг пиридоксина) перед сном. При более сильной тошноте доза может быть увеличена до четырех таблеток в течение дня, если это необходимо (одна таблетка утром, одна таблетка во второй половине дня, две таблетки перед сном). Также доступны таблетки с пролонгированным высвобождением, содержащие 20 мг сукцината доксиламина и 20 мг пиридоксина. Рандомизированное плацебо-контролируемое исследование показало, что комбинированный препарат доксиламина сукцинат 10 мг и пиридоксин 10 мг, вводимый в дозах от двух до четырех таблеток в день, не был связан с повышенным риском каких-либо нежелательных явлений и хорошо переносился женщинами с тошнотой и рвотой во время беременности.
Комбинированные таблетки с пролонгированным высвобождением могут быть дорогостоящими. В Соединенных Штатах доксиламин доступен в некоторых безрецептурных снотворных (например, Unisom Sleep Tabs) и в виде рецептурных антигистаминных жевательных таблеток (например, Aldex AN): половина 25 мг безрецептурного препарата. Таблетку или две жевательные таблетки по 5 мг можно использовать не по назначению в качестве противорвотного средства. Кроме того, пиридоксин 25 мг, также продаваемый без рецепта, можно принимать три или четыре раза в день вместе с 12,5 мг доксиламина.
Если тошнота сопровождается рвотой, но без гиповолемии, мы предлагаем добавлять дифенгидрамин от 25 до 50 мг перорально каждые четыре-шесть часов или меклизин 25 мг перорально каждые шесть часов (степень 2C). Если симптомы не улучшаются, можно добавить антагонист дофамина (прохлорперазин, метоклопрамид) (степень 2C).
Дименгидринат, меклизин и дифенгидрамин - это антигистаминные препараты, которые наиболее широко изучались для лечения тошноты и рвоты во время беременности. Эффективность антигистаминных препаратов была проиллюстрирована анализом объединенных данных контролируемых испытаний, которые показали, что использование этих препаратов значительно снижает тошноту и рвоту, связанные с беременностью (относительный риск [ОР] 0,34, 95% ДИ 0,27–0,43).
Первичный механизм антигистаминных препаратов при лечении тошноты и рвоты во время беременности - прямое ингибирование гистаминовых рецепторов H1; вторичный механизм - косвенное воздействие на вестибулярную систему за счет уменьшения раздражения рвотного центра. Кроме того, эти агенты ингибируют мускариновый рецептор, который может опосредовать рвотный ответ. Общие побочные эффекты этого класса препаратов включают седативный эффект, сухость во рту, головокружение и запор.
Дифенгидрамин - можно давать от 25 до 50 мг перорально каждые четыре-шесть часов, если необходимо. Также возможно его внутривенное введение от 10 до 50 мг каждые четыре-шесть часов.
Меклизин. При необходимости меклизин можно вводить перорально по 25 мг каждые четыре-шесть часов.
Дименгидринат - можно давать от 25 до 50 мг перорально каждые четыре-шесть часов, при внутривенном введении необходимо 50 мг в течение 20 минут или от 50 до 100 мг ректально каждые четыре-шесть часов; общая доза не должна превышать 400 мг / сут. Если женщина недавно принимала доксиламин, общая доза дименгидрината не должна превышать 200 мг / сут.
Если рвота сохраняется, но без гиповолемии, мы обсуждаем потенциальные риски и эффективность перорального или внутривенного введения ондансетрона при лечении тошноты и рвоты в индивидуальном порядке у женщин до 10 недель гестации, учитывая разногласия по поводу потенциального небольшого увеличения рисков врожденных аномалий у плода.
Для женщин с рвотой, гиповолемией и нормальным уровнем электролитов и кислотно-щелочным балансом целесообразно проводить дегидратацию и внутривенную противорвотную терапию в стационаре. Госпитализация показана пациенткам с постоянной (неукротимой) рвотой, при неэффективности пероральной регидратации и таблетированного лечения, а также при аномальных показателях уровня электролитов и кислотно-щелочного баланса. Решение о госпитализации или выписке на дом должно быть индивидуализировано в зависимости от тяжести заболевания пациента, имеющихся у него ресурсов, способности соблюдать план лечения, а также возможности получить доступ к амбулаторным ресурсам.
Добавки тиамина следует добавлять в растворы для внутривенного введения, чтобы предотвратить энцефалопатию Вернике.
На период внутривенного лечения, временно можно прекратить потребление твердой пищи и питья, с последующим возобновлением перорального приема жидкостей и мягкой нежирной пищи при получении клинического улучшения.
Пациентам, госпитализированным из-за гиповолемии, мы предлагаем внутривенное введение ондансетрона (степень 2С).
Возможно проведение короткого курса глюкокортикоидов в дополнении к текущим противорвотным препаратам для лечения рефрактерных случаев, но после 12 недель беременности.
Оптимальное время для начала энтерального или парентерального питания не установлено; решение основано на клинической оценке. Как правило, энтеральное питание начинают у женщин, которые не могут поддерживать свой вес из-за рвоты и несмотря применение фармакологических средств.
Доказана эффективность прегравидарного применения поливитаминов с фолиевой кислотой, для предотвращения тошноту и рвоту во время беременности (степень 2C).
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Добавки тиамина следует добавлять в растворы для внутривенного введения, чтобы предотвратить энцефалопатию Вернике.
На период внутривенного лечения, временно можно прекратить потребление твердой пищи и питья, с последующим возобновлением перорального приема жидкостей и мягкой нежирной пищи при получении клинического улучшения.
Пациентам, госпитализированным из-за гиповолемии, мы предлагаем внутривенное введение ондансетрона (степень 2С).
Возможно проведение короткого курса глюкокортикоидов в дополнении к текущим противорвотным препаратам для лечения рефрактерных случаев, но после 12 недель беременности.
Оптимальное время для начала энтерального или парентерального питания не установлено; решение основано на клинической оценке. Как правило, энтеральное питание начинают у женщин, которые не могут поддерживать свой вес из-за рвоты и несмотря применение фармакологических средств.
Доказана эффективность прегравидарного применения поливитаминов с фолиевой кислотой, для предотвращения тошноту и рвоту во время беременности (степень 2C).
Литература
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